Practical cooling interventions for preventing heat strain in indoor factory workers in Thailand.

BACKGROUND: Occupational heat stress, exacerbated by factors such as climate change and insufficient cooling solutions, endangers the health and productivity of workers, especially in low-resource workplaces. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the effectiveness of two cooling strategies in reducing physiological strain and productivity of piece-rate workers over a 9-h work shift in a southern Thailand sawmill. METHODS: In a crossover randomized control trial design, 12 (33 ± 7 y; 1.58 ± 0.05 m; 51 ± 9 kg; n = 5 females) medically screened sawmill workers were randomly allocated into three groups comprising an established phase change material vest (VEST), an on-site combination cooling oasis (OASIS) (i.e., hydration, cold towels, fans, water dousing), and no cooling (CON) across 3 consecutive workdays. Physiological strain was measured via core temperature telemetry and heart rate monitoring. Productivity was determined by counting the number of pallets of wood sorted, stacked, and stowed each day. RESULTS: Relative to CON, OASIS lowered core temperature by 0.25°C [95% confidence interval = 0.24, 0.25] and heart rate by 7 bpm [6, 9] bpm, compared to 0.17°C [0.17, 0.18] and 10 [9,12] bpm reductions with VEST. It was inconclusive whether productivity was statistically lower in OASIS compared to CON (mean difference [MD] = 2.5 [-0.2, 5.2]), and was not statistically different between VEST and CON (MD = 1.4 [-1.3, 4.1]). CONCLUSIONS: Both OASIS and VEST were effective in reducing physiological strain compared to no cooling. Their effect on productivity requires further investigation, as even small differences between interventions could lead to meaningful disparities in piece-rate worker earnings over time.

Uncovering the underlying aspects of successful COVID-19 prevention and control in Thailand through factor analysis: Lessons we have not yet learned from village health volunteers.

Background: The COVID-19 pandemic has posed a global challenge, leading different nations to adopt diverse strategies for prevention and control. In Thailand, Village Health Volunteers (VHVs) have played a pivotal role in the fight against the virus. As the pandemic unfolded, the critical role of VHVs became apparent, prompting a closer examination of their practices and the underlying factors contributing to their effectiveness. Objective: This study aimed to uncover the underlying factors and indicators contributing to the successful prevention and control of COVID-19 by VHVs in Thailand. Methods: The sample group included 10,400 VHVs nationwide. Data were collected from October 2020 to February 2021 using five-point Likert rating scale online questionnaires. Data were analyzed using the Exploratory Factor Analysis technique, with Principal Component Analysis and the orthogonal Varimax method. Results: The study revealed nine effective factors and 52 indicators contributing to the prevention and control of COVID-19 in Thailand. The identified factors are as follows: 1) Personal precautions, 2) Proactive disease control strategy, 3) Awareness of COVID-19 severity, 4) Pride and job motivation, 5) Adequate medical equipment and support, 6) Communication, planning, and monitoring processes, 7) Self-care for health, 8) Data collection, record maintenance, and report submission, and 9) Proper hand washing. Conclusion: This research emphasizes the importance of a holistic approach to community-based health interventions. It highlights the crucial role of VHVs in disseminating information, ensuring preparedness, and fostering a sense of responsibility among community members. This strategic approach will effectively contribute to ongoing efforts to successfully prevent and control the spread of COVID-19 and potential future outbreaks.

Formation and Degradability of Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances in River Soils around a Fluoropolymer-Manufacturing Plant in Osaka, Japan.

Our previous studies reported that perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) contamination decreased in well, tap, and surface water around a fluoropolymer plant in Osaka, Japan, between 2003 and 2016. In this study, we evaluated the degradability of PFOA and perfluorohexanoic acid in river soils to identify the influence of the degradation on the perfluorocarboxylic acids (PFCAs) in the Yodo River Basin. We also investigated the influence of abiotic oxidation on the formation of PFCAs in soils and measured the fluorotelomer alcohols (FTOHs) as precursors of PFCAs in the soil and air samples collected at Osaka and Kyoto. No major degradations were observed in soils contaminated with PFCA during the 24-week experimental period, while the PFOA levels increased only in the control group. The PFCA levels significantly increased after oxidation in this group. The dominant FTOH in soils was 10:2 FTOH, whereas 6:2 FTOH was dominant in the air samples. These findings suggest that PFOA was rapidly removed from water system but persist in soils. Moreover, the results indicate the need to evaluate not only the PFCAs, but also the FTOHs and other precursors for the accurate prediction of PFCA accumulation and fates in the environment.

Occupational noise exposure and hearing defects among sawmill workers in the south of Thailand.

The aim of this study was to investigate occupational noise exposure and hearing defects among sawmill workers in the south of Thailand. Seven hundred sawmill workers participated, of which 335 (47.9%) were male. The mean age of the sawmill workers was 33.5 years (SD 10.2), and more than 60% were <35 years old; 75.1% of the workers had less than 5 years of work experience. Only about one in four workers (25%) had been trained in use of personal protective equipment (PPE), and half of the participants never or rarely wore PPE while working. The prevalence rate of noise-induced hearing loss (NIHL) was 22.8% (N = 42). Male workers had significantly higher risk than female workers (odds ratio [OR] = 2.21). Workers aged older than 25 years had significantly higher risks for NIHL (OR = 3.51-12.42) than workers younger than 25 years. Sawing workers had higher risk for NIHL than office workers (OR = 3.07).

Relationship Between Noise-Related Risk Perception, Knowledge, and the Use of Hearing Protection Devices Among Para Rubber Wood Sawmill Workers.

BACKGROUND: The understanding of the relationship between risk perception, knowledge, and protective behaviors could play a major role in occupational risk control and management. Research exploring how workers perceive, recognize, and react to risks in different occupational settings is scarce in Thailand. The aim of this study was to assess the relationship of noise-related risk perceptions and knowledge to the use of hearing protective devices (HPDs) among sawmill workers in Thailand. METHODS: Sawmill workers (n = 540) from four factories in Trang, Southern Thailand, participated in a questionnaire interview from December 2015 to January 2016. Descriptive statistics and linear regression models were used to explore the risk factors related to HPD use. Path diagram analysis was demonstrated and used to evaluate associations. RESULTS: Risk perception was significantly correlated with HPD use (p < 0.01), HPD training (p = 0.01), and the number of years of work experience (p = 0.03). Sawmill workers were likely to use HPDs based on their risk perception and HPD training. However, HPD training was inversely correlated with age and the number of years of work experience. CONCLUSION: The study highlights the importance of risk perceptions and knowledge, and these factors should be emphasized in the design and implementation of any personal safety intervention program for sawmill workers.

Prevalence of Abnormal Serum Cholinesterase and Associated Symptoms from Pesticide Exposure among Agricultural Workers in the South of Thailand.

OBJECTIVE: To determine prevalence of abnormal serum acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and behavioral risks associated behaviors from pesticide exposure. METHODS: Cross-sectional data were collected from agriculture workers in Trang Province, Thailand in 2013-2014. Agricultural workers in Trang Province filled out questionnaires provided by the Ministry of Public Health and gave blood samples. Risk scores were calculated based on questionnaire responses and a reactive-paper finger-blood test was used to evaluate AChE levels. RESULTS: A total of 6,222 agricultural workers filled out questionnaires and 3,431 workers gave blood samples. The prevalence of abnormal AChE results was 12.5%. Females had a higher prevalence of abnormal serum AChE levels (15.2%) than males (10.2%). The most common self-reported symptoms were coughing (5.7%), being tired (5.4%), dizziness (5.1%), and dry skin and irritation (4.8%). However, those with abnormal serum AChE levels were most likely to report dizziness (12.4%) as their main symptom. Male agricultural workers had significantly higher risk than female farmers after adjusting for sex and risk level (OR = 1.56, P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Abnormal serum AChE levels associated with pesticide exposure are associated with AChE levels and symptoms such as coughing, being tired, dizziness, and dry skin and irritation. Educating farmers about the effects of pesticide use and encouraging better personal protective equipment practices could also assist in reducing pesticide exposure.

Job safety analysis and hazard identification for work accident prevention in para rubber wood sawmills in southern Thailand.

OBJECTIVE: We utilized job safety analysis (JSA) and hazard identification for work accident prevention in Para rubber wood sawmills, which aimed to investigate occupational health risk exposures and assess the health hazards at sawmills in the Trang Province, located in southern Thailand. METHODS: We conducted a cross-sectional study which included a walk-through survey, JSA, occupational risk assessment, and environmental samplings from March through September 2015 at four Para rubber wood sawmills. RESULTS: We identified potential occupational safety and health hazards associated with six main processes, including: 1) logging and cutting, 2) sawing the lumber into sheets, 3) planing and re-arranging, 4) vacuuming and wood preservation, 5) drying and planks re-arranging, and 6) grading, packing, and storing. Working in sawmills was associated with high risk of wood dust and noise exposure, occupational accidents injuring hands and feet, chemicals and fungicide exposure, and injury due to poor ergonomics or repetitive work. DISCUSSION: Several high-risk areas were identified from JSA and hazard identification of the working processes, especially high wood dust and noise exposure when sawing lumber into sheets and risk of occupational accidents of the hands and feet when struck by lumber. All workers were strongly recommended to use personal protective equipment in any working processes. Exposures should be controlled using local ventilation systems and reducing noise transmission. We recommend that the results from the risk assessment performed in this study be used to create an action plan for reducing occupational health hazards in Para rubber sawmills.

Spatial and temporal trends in perfluorooctanoic and perfluorohexanoic acid in well, surface, and tap water around a fluoropolymer plant in Osaka, Japan.

This study was conducted to clarify the spatial distributions of perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) and perfluorohexanoic acid (PFHxA) in well, surface and tap water around a fluoropolymer plant in Osaka between 2003 and 2016 and to predict the fate of those chemicals in these aquatic environments. We analyzed 44 well, six surface and six tap water samples collected within a 5 km radius of the plant. The PFOA concentrations in well water ranged from 45.2 to 7440 ng/L (median = 240 ng/L), while PFHxA concentrations ranged from 9.68 to 970 (median = 45.4 ng/L) in 2015-2016. The concentration of other perfluoroalkyl carboxylic acids were lower than PFOA and PFHxA in well water. Fixed-point observation showed that the levels of PFOA decreased greatly over the last few decades, whereas those of PFHxA increased in both well and surface water. Further monitoring and investigation are suggested to understand PFOA and PFHxA contamination and fate in the environment, as well as their potential for human exposure in this region.

Determination of Mercury Exposure among Dental Health Workers in Nakhon Si Thammarat Province, Thailand.

Objectives. The main objective of this study was to assess the mercury exposure levels in dental health workers that work in dental clinics. The study evaluated the airborne and urinary mercury levels, the type of work done in the clinic, and the effect of mercury exposure on health of dental health workers. Material and Methods. A case-control study was conducted with 124 exposed and 124 matched nonexposed subjects. Personal and area samplings were conducted to quantify mercury concentrations by solid sorbent tube. Urine samples were collected to determine mercury levels by cold-vapor atomic absorption spectrometer mercury analyzer. Results and Discussion. 17.6% (n = 32/182) of the air samples were higher than the occupational exposure limit (OEL). A multiple regression model was constructed. Significant predictors of urinary mercury levels included dietary consumption (fish or seafood), duration of work (yrs), work position, personal protection equipment used (PPE), and personal hygiene behaviors. Significant correlations were observed between mercury levels in urine and mercury in storage areas (r = 0.499, P < 0.05) and between mercury levels in urine and airborne mercury in personal samplings (r = 0.878, P < 0.001). Conclusion. Improvements in working conditions, occupational health training, and PPE use are recommended to reduce mercury exposure.

Occupational injuries and illnesses and associated costs in Thailand.

BACKGROUND: The purpose of this study was to enumerate the annual morbidity and mortality incidence and estimate the direct and indirect costs associated with occupational injuries and illnesses in Bangkok in 2008. In this study, data on workmen compensation claims and costs from the Thai Workmen Compensation Fund, Social Security Office of Ministry of Labor, were aggregated and analyzed. METHODS: To assess costs, this study focuses on direct costs associated with the payment of workmen compensation claims for medical care and health services. RESULTS: A total of 52,074 nonfatal cases of occupational injury were reported, with an overall incidence rate of 16.9 per 1,000. The incidence rate for male workers was four times higher than that for female workers. Out of a total direct cost of $13.87 million, $9.88 million were for medical services and related expenses and $3.98 million for compensable reimbursement. The estimated amount of noncompensated lost earnings was an additional $2.66 million. CONCLUSION: Occupational injuries and illnesses contributed to the total cost; it has been estimated that workers' compensation covers less than one-half to one-tenth of this cost.

Respiratory symptoms and patterns of pulmonary dysfunction among roofing fiber cement workers in the south of Thailand.

OBJECTIVE: This study examined the associations between respiratory symptoms and patterns of pulmonary dysfunction of 115 male roofing cement workers compared with 134 unexposed subjects. METHODS: A cross-sectional study was conducted. Environmental samplings and spirometry measurements were also collected. RESULTS: The exposed workers had higher respiratory dust exposure levels (0.65 mg/m3) compared with the unexposed groups (0.32 mg/m3). The exposed group had significantly higher prevalence than the unexposed group for shortness of breath (OR=2.19). The exposed group also had higher but insignificant prevalence of chronic cough (OR=1.34), chest tightness (OR=1.64), and wheezing (OR=1.89). The ventilatory respiratory function values (FEV1 and FVC) were slightly lower for the exposed group. CONCLUSION: An association between higher cement dust levels and a decline in ventilatory function among roofing fiber cement workers suggests that the respiratory health of roofing cement workers should be protected through policies or work standards.

Rubberwood dust and lung function among Thai furniture factory workers.

The objective of this study was to assess factors affecting lung function among 685 workers in the rubberwood (Hevea brasiliensis) furniture industry in the Chonburi and Rayung provinces of eastern Thailand. Study data were gathered using questionnaires, by sampling wood dust, and by spirometry. The mean wood dust exposure level in the factories was 4.08 mg/m3 (SD = 1.42, range: 1.15-11.17 mg/m3). The mean overall percent of predicted forced vital capacity (FVC), forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1), and FEV1/FVC values were 84 % (SD = 13.41), 86 % (SD = 14.40), and 99% (SD = 10.42), respectively. Significant negative correlations were found between mean dust exposure levels and FVC (p = 0.0008), and FEV1/FVC% (p < 0.001), but not FEV1 (p = 0.074). An association between decline in lung function and wood dust levels among wood workers suggests that rubberwood dust exposure negatively affects lung function.

Occupational accidents and injuries in Thailand.

The Workers' Compensation Fund (WCF) represents only a limited fraction of work-related injuries in the Thai workforce. This cross-sectional study examined 258,986 records from the Thai National Injury Surveillance (NIS) system collected during 2001-2004, focusing on 17,538 injuries coded as work-related. NIS records provided information generally not represented in WCF statistics, such as construction and agriculture. The reported mechanisms in 129 work-related fatalities were particularly informative, including electrical current (27%), transport accidents (20%), and falls (15%). Mortality in transport accidents was dramatically higher when seat belts or motorcycle helmets were not used, whether work-related or not. The findings emphasize the need to use multiple sources of information for a complete picture of work-related injuries in Thailand, and possibly in other countries. The mechanisms of fatal injury indicate areas where focused efforts are warranted.